Corson (2011) discusses non-state actors in environmental governance as causing what?

• A. No influence on policy.
• B. New forms of control and exclusion.
• C. Complete democratization of resource use.
• D. Purely beneficial outcomes for communities.

Answer: (D)

Non-state actors in environmental governance shape power in ways that go beyond traditional state decisions. They bring resources, expertise, and legitimacy, and they set rules and incentives through private standards, certifications, and governance networks. These mechanisms can reorganize who has influence, who must comply, and who gains access to resources, often creating new forms of control that can exclude some groups or communities from decision-making or benefits. Corson highlights that governance is plural and contested, with these actors contributing to processes that can both enable and constrain outcomes. So the most fitting understanding is that non-state actors introduce new patterns of control and exclusion, rather than implying no influence, universal democratization, or purely beneficial results.