Which describes Craddock and Hinchliffe's One Health stance?

• A. Health determined by human medicine alone.
• B. No connection between animal and environmental health.
• C. Human, animal, and environmental health interconnected; disease emerges from interactions.
• D. Health studied in isolation.

Answer: (B)

One Health centers on the idea that human health, animal health, and environmental health are all connected and influence each other. Diseases don’t belong to one group; they emerge from how people, animals, and ecosystems interact. For example, many infectious diseases in humans originate in animals and move through environmental pathways—driven by factors like climate, habitat change, and farming practices. Because of this, addressing health requires looking across sectors and disciplines together, not in isolation.

Options that claim health is determined by human medicine alone, that there’s no connection between animal and environmental health, or that health is studied in isolation miss the core idea. The interconnected view—recognizing that health outcomes arise from interactions among humans, animals, and the environment—best captures the One Health stance.